The Python Language Reference

This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. Python标准库中描述了非必需的内置对象类型以及内置函数和模块的语义。 有关该语言的非正式介绍，请参见The Python Tutorial。 对于C或C程序员，还存在另外两本手册：扩展和嵌入Python解释器描述了如何编写Python扩展模块的高级图片，以及Python / C API参考手册详细介绍了C / C程序员可用的接口。

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. 替代实现
  • 1.2. 符号
• 2. Lexical analysis
  • 2.1. Line structure
  • 2.2. Other tokens
  • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
  • 2.4. Literals
  • 2.5. Operators
  • 2.6. Delimiters
• 3. Data model
  • 3.1. Objects, values and types
  • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
  • 3.3. Special method names
  • 3.4. Coroutines
• 4. Execution model
  • 4.1. Structure of a program
  • 4.2. Naming and binding
  • 4.3. Exceptions
• 5. The import system
  • 5.1. importlib
  • 5.2. Packages
  • 5.3. Searching
  • 5.4. Loading
  • 5.5. The Path Based Finder
  • 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
  • 5.7. Special considerations for __main__
  • 5.8. Open issues
  • 5.9. References
• 6. Expressions
  • 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
  • 6.2. Atoms
  • 6.3. Primaries
  • 6.4. Await expression
  • 6.5. The power operator
  • 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
  • 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
  • 6.8. Shifting operations
  • 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
  • 6.10. Comparisons
  • 6.11. Boolean operations
  • 6.12. Conditional expressions
  • 6.13. Lambdas
  • 6.14. Expression lists
  • 6.15. Evaluation order
  • 6.16. Operator precedence
• 7. Simple statements
  • 7.1. Expression statements
  • 7.2. Assignment statements
  • 7.3. The assert statement
  • 7.4. The pass statement
  • 7.5. The del statement
  • 7.6. The return statement
  • 7.7. The yield statement
  • 7.8. The raise statement
  • 7.9. The break statement
  • 7.10. The continue statement
  • 7.11. The import statement
  • 7.12. The global statement
  • 7.13. The nonlocal statement
• 8. Compound statements
  • 8.1. The if statement
  • 8.2. The while statement
  • 8.3. The for statement
  • 8.4. The try statement
  • 8.5. The with statement
  • 8.6. Function definitions
  • 8.7. Class definitions
  • 8.8. Coroutines
• 9. Top-level components
  • 9.1. Complete Python programs
  • 9.2. File input
  • 9.3. Interactive input
  • 9.4. Expression input
• 10. Full Grammar specification