What’s New In Python 3.7

Release:3.7.0a1
Date:October 04, 2017

本文解释了Python 3.7中的新功能，与3.6相比。

有关完整的详细信息，请参阅更新日志。

Note

用户应该知道，该文档目前正在草拟中。 随着Python 3.7的发布，它将被大幅更新，因此即使在阅读了早期版本之后，它仍然值得检查。

总结 – 发行亮点

新特点

PEP 538: 遗留的C语言环境限制

在Python 3系列中正在进行的一个挑战是确定一种合理的默认策略，用于处理当前在非windows平台上使用缺省C语言环境所隐含的“7位ASCII”文本编码假设。

PEP 538 updates the default interpreter command line interface to automatically coerce that locale to an available UTF-8 based locale as described in the documentation of the new PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE environment variable. Automatically setting LC_CTYPE this way means that both the core interpreter and locale-aware C extensions (such as readline) will assume the use of UTF-8 as the default text encoding, rather than ASCII.

The platform support definition in PEP 11 has also been updated to limit full text handling support to suitably configured non-ASCII based locales.

As part of this change, the default error handler for stdin and stdout is now surrogateescape (rather than strict) when using any of the defined coercion target locales (currently C.UTF-8, C.utf8, and UTF-8). The default error handler for stderr continues to be backslashreplace, regardless of locale.

Locale coercion is silent by default, but to assist in debugging potentially locale related integration problems, explicit warnings (emitted directly on stderr can be requested by setting PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn. This setting will also cause the Python runtime to emit a warning if the legacy C locale remains active when the core interpreter is initialized.

See also

PEP 538 – Coercing the legacy C locale to a UTF-8 based locale
PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.

Other Language Changes

  • More than 255 arguments can now be passed to a function, and a function can now have more than 255 parameters. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-12844 and bpo-18896.)
  • bytes.fromhex() and bytearray.fromhex() now ignore all ASCII whitespace, not only spaces. (Contributed by Robert Xiao in bpo-28927.)
  • ImportError now displays module name and module __file__ path when from ... import ... fails. (Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier in bpo-29546.)
  • Circular imports involving absolute imports with binding a submodule to a name are now supported. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-30024.)
  • object.__format__(x, '') is now equivalent to str(x) rather than format(str(self), ''). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-28974.)

New Modules

  • None yet.

Improved Modules

argparse

The parse_intermixed_args() supports letting the user intermix options and positional arguments on the command line, as is possible in many unix commands. It supports most but not all argparse features. (Contributed by paul.j3 in bpo-14191.)

binascii

The b2a_uu() function now accepts an optional backtick keyword argument. When it’s true, zeros are represented by '`' instead of spaces. (Contributed by Xiang Zhang in bpo-30103.)

calendar

The class HTMLCalendar has new class attributes which ease the customisation of the CSS classes in the produced HTML calendar. (Contributed by Oz Tiram in bpo-30095.)

cgi

parse_multipart() returns the same results as FieldStorage : for non-file fields, the value associated to a key is a list of strings, not bytes. (Contributed by Pierre Quentel in bpo-29979.)

contextlib

contextlib.asynccontextmanager() has been added. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in bpo-29679.)

dis

The dis() function now is able to disassemble nested code objects (the code of comprehensions, generator expressions and nested functions, and the code used for building nested classes). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-11822.)

distutils

README.rst is now included in the list of distutils standard READMEs and therefore included in source distributions. (Contributed by Ryan Gonzalez in bpo-11913.)

http.server

SimpleHTTPRequestHandler supports the HTTP If-Modified-Since header. The server returns the 304 response status if the target file was not modified after the time specified in the header. (Contributed by Pierre Quentel in bpo-29654.)

Add the parameter directory to the SimpleHTTPRequestHandler and the --directory to the command line of the module server. With this parameter, the server serves the specified directory, by default it uses the current working directory. (Contributed by Stéphane Wirtel and Julien Palard in bpo-28707.)

locale

Added another argument monetary in format_string() of locale. If monetary is true, the conversion uses monetary thousands separator and grouping strings. (Contributed by Garvit in bpo-10379.)

math

New remainder() function, implementing the IEEE 754-style remainder operation. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in bpo-29962.)

os

Added support for bytes paths in fwalk(). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-28682.)

Added support for file descriptors in scandir() on Unix. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-25996.)

New function os.register_at_fork() allows registering Python callbacks to be executed on a process fork. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-16500.)

pdb

set_trace() now takes an optional header keyword-only argument. If given, this is printed to the console just before debugging begins.

string

string.Template now lets you to optionally modify the regular expression pattern for braced placeholders and non-braced placeholders separately. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw in bpo-1198569.)

unittest.mock

The sentinel attributes now preserve their identity when they are copied or pickled. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-20804.)

xmlrpc.server

register_function() of xmlrpc.server.SimpleXMLRPCDispatcher and its subclasses can be used as a decorator. (Contributed by Xiang Zhang in bpo-7769.)

unicodedata

The internal unicodedata database has been upgraded to use Unicode 10. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)

urllib.parse

urllib.parse.quote() has been updated from RFC 2396 to RFC 3986, adding ~ to the set of characters that is never quoted by default. (Contributed by Christian Theune and Ratnadeep Debnath in bpo-16285.)

uu

Function encode() now accepts an optional backtick keyword argument. When it’s true, zeros are represented by '`' instead of spaces. (Contributed by Xiang Zhang in bpo-30103.)

xml.etree

ElementPath predicates in the find() methods can now compare text of the current node with [. = "text"], not only text in children. Predicates also allow adding spaces for better readability. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel in bpo-31648.)

zipapp

Function zipapp.create_archive() now accepts an optional filter argument to allow the user to select which files should be included in the archive, and an optional compressed argument to generate a compressed archive.

A command line option --compress has also been added to support compression.

Optimizations

  • Added two new opcodes: LOAD_METHOD and CALL_METHOD to avoid instantiation of bound method objects for method calls, which results in method calls being faster up to 20%. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov and INADA Naoki in bpo-26110.)
  • Searching some unlucky Unicode characters (like Ukrainian capital “Є”) in a string was to 25 times slower than searching other characters. Now it is slower only by 3 times in worst case. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-24821.)
  • Fast implementation from standard C library is now used for functions erf() and erfc() in the math module. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-26121.)
  • The os.fwalk() function has been sped up by 2 times. This was done using the os.scandir() function. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-25996.)
  • Optimized case-insensitive matching and searching of regular expressions. Searching some patterns can now be up to 20 times faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-30285.)
  • selectors.EpollSelector.modify(), selectors.PollSelector.modify() and selectors.DevpollSelector.modify() may be around 10% faster under heavy loads. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in bpo-30014)

Build and C API Changes

Other CPython Implementation Changes

  • Trace hooks may now opt out of receiving line events from the interpreter by setting the new f_trace_lines attribute to False on the frame being traced. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan in bpo-31344.)
  • Trace hooks may now opt in to receiving opcode events from the interpreter by setting the new f_trace_opcodes attribute to True on the frame being traced. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan in bpo-31344.)

Deprecated

Changes in the C API

Windows Only

  • The python launcher, (py.exe), can accept 32 & 64 bit specifiers without having to specify a minor version as well. So py -3-32 and py -3-64 become valid as well as py -3.7-32, also the -m-64 and -m.n-64 forms are now accepted to force 64 bit python even if 32 bit would have otherwise been used. If the specified version is not available py.exe will error exit. (Contributed by Steve Barnes in bpo-30291.)
  • The launcher can be run as “py -0” to produce a list of the installed pythons, with default marked with an asterix. Running “py -0p” will include the paths. If py is run with a version specifier that cannot be matched it will also print the short form list of available specifiers. (Contributed by Steve Barnes in bpo-30362.)

Removed

API and Feature Removals

  • Unknown escapes consisting of '\' and an ASCII letter in replacement templates for re.sub() were deprecated in Python 3.5, and will now cause an error.
  • Removed support of the exclude argument in tarfile.TarFile.add(). It was deprecated in Python 2.7 and 3.2. Use the filter argument instead.
  • The splitunc() function in the ntpath module was deprecated in Python 3.1, and has now been removed. Use the splitdrive() function instead.
  • collections.namedtuple() no longer supports the verbose parameter or _source attribute which showed the generated source code for the named tuple class. This was part of an optimization designed to speed-up class creation. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra with further improvements by INADA Naoki, Serhiy Storchaka, and Raymond Hettinger in bpo-28638.)
  • Functions bool(), float(), list() and tuple() no longer take keyword arguments. The first argument of int() can now be passed only as positional argument.
  • Removed previously deprecated in Python 2.4 classes Plist, Dict and _InternalDict in the plistlib module. Dict values in the result of functions readPlist() and readPlistFromBytes() are now normal dicts. You no longer can use attribute access to access items of these dictionaries.

Porting to Python 3.7

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.

Changes in the Python API

  • pkgutil.walk_packages() now raises ValueError if path is a string. Previously an empty list was returned. (Contributed by Sanyam Khurana in bpo-24744.)
  • A format string argument for string.Formatter.format() is now positional-only. Passing it as a keyword argument was deprecated in Python 3.5. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-29193.)
  • Attributes key, value and coded_value of class http.cookies.Morsel are now read-only. Assigning to them was deprecated in Python 3.5. Use the set() method for setting them. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-29192.)
  • Module, FunctionDef, AsyncFunctionDef, and ClassDef AST nodes now have a new docstring field. The first statement in their body is not considered as a docstring anymore. co_firstlineno and co_lnotab of code object for class and module are affected by this change. (Contributed by INADA Naoki and Eugene Toder in bpo-29463.)
  • The mode argument of os.makedirs() no longer affects the file permission bits of newly-created intermediate-level directories. To set their file permission bits you can set the umask before invoking makedirs(). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19930.)
  • The struct.Struct.format type is now str instead of bytes. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-21071.)
  • Due to internal changes in socket you won’t be able to socket.fromshare() a socket share()-ed in older Python versions.
  • repr for datetime.timedelta has changed to include keyword arguments in the output. (Contributed by Utkarsh Upadhyay in bpo-30302.)

CPython bytecode changes