1.2. Python语言

Authors: Chris Burns, Christophe Combelles, Emmanuelle Gouillart, Gaël Varoquaux

Python for scientific computing

We introduce here the Python language. 这里只讨论了开始使用Numpy和Scipy所需的最低要求。要详细了解语言，请考虑通读优秀教程https://docs.python.org/tutorial。还有专门的书籍，例如http://www.diveintopython.net/。

Python是一种编程语言，C、Fortran、BASIC、PHP等也是如此。Some specific features of Python are as follows:

• 解释型（与编译型相反）语言。于C或Fortran不同，Python在执行之前不会编译代码。此外，Python可以交互地使用：有许多可用的Python解释器，从中可以执行命令和脚本。
• a free software released under an open-source license: Python can be used and distributed free of charge, even for building commercial software.
• 多平台：Python适用于所有主流操作系统，Windows、Linux/Unix、MacOS X，你的手机操作系统也很可能等。
• 一种非常可读的语言，清晰而不冗长的语法
• 从web框架到科学计算的各种应用程序可用的各种高质量软件包的语言。
• 一种非常容易与其他语言，特别是C和C++接口的语言。
• Some other features of the language are illustrated just below. For example, Python is an object-oriented language, with dynamic typing (the same variable can contain objects of different types during the course of a program).

有关Python的特色功能的详细信息，请参见https://www.python.org/about/。

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• 1.2.1. First steps
• 1.2.2. Basic types
  • 1.2.2.1. Numerical types
  • 1.2.2.2. Containers
  • 1.2.2.3. Assignment operator
• 1.2.3. Control Flow
  • 1.2.3.1. if/elif/else
  • 1.2.3.2. for/range
  • 1.2.3.3. while/break/continue
  • 1.2.3.4. Conditional Expressions
  • 1.2.3.5. Advanced iteration
  • 1.2.3.6. List Comprehensions
• 1.2.4. Defining functions
  • 1.2.4.1. Function definition
  • 1.2.4.2. Return statement
  • 1.2.4.3. Parameters
  • 1.2.4.4. Passing by value
  • 1.2.4.5. Global variables
  • 1.2.4.6. Variable number of parameters
  • 1.2.4.7. Docstrings
  • 1.2.4.8. Functions are objects
  • 1.2.4.9. Methods
  • 1.2.4.10. Exercises
• 1.2.5. Reusing code: scripts and modules
  • 1.2.5.1. Scripts
  • 1.2.5.2. Importing objects from modules
  • 1.2.5.3. Creating modules
  • 1.2.5.4. ‘__main__’ and module loading
  • 1.2.5.5. Scripts or modules? How to organize your code
  • 1.2.5.6. Packages
  • 1.2.5.7. Good practices
• 1.2.6. Input and Output
  • 1.2.6.1. Iterating over a file
• 1.2.7. Standard Library
  • 1.2.7.1. os module: operating system functionality
  • 1.2.7.2. shutil: high-level file operations
  • 1.2.7.3. glob: Pattern matching on files
  • 1.2.7.4. sys module: system-specific information
  • 1.2.7.5. pickle: easy persistence
• 1.2.8. Exception handling in Python
  • 1.2.8.1. Exceptions
  • 1.2.8.2. Catching exceptions
  • 1.2.8.3. Raising exceptions
• 1.2.9. Object-oriented programming (OOP)